The anchor bolts that I am installing are going to be used in a high temperature environment. Is it advisable to use a plastic anchor sleeve for this application?

No. Both Contec and Wilson warn against use of plastic sleeves with high temperature environments, like an oven. Conversely, extreme low temperatures could be problematic as well. See the technical specifications for Vicat Softening Point and the Brittleness Temperature for both Wilson and Contec anchor sleeves.